igf 1  (R&D Systems)

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Sulfated polysaccharide prevents senescent adipocyte-driven osteonecrosis by stem cell fate reprogramming

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.11.039

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic illustration of the senescence-regulatory mechanisms of the sulfated polysaccharide in the glucocorticoid-induced bone marrow microenvironment. Bone marrow senescence plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis. Glucocorticoids act on bone marrow target cells—adipocytes—to initiate primary bone marrow senescence via triggering a positive feedback loop through the prostaglandin/PPARγ/INK signaling axis. Subsequently, these senescent adipocytes propagate SASP factors to adjacent healthy cells through paracrine signaling or direct cell–cell contact, leading to secondary senescence. Sulfated chitosan (SCS) reprograms the lineage commitment bias of LepR + MSCs by activating the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade, suppressing adipogenic differentiation and lipid biosynthesis pathways. SCS attenuates the spread of primary adipocyte senescence into secondary senescence, limiting the progressive amplification of the senescence cascade. Ultimately, this strategy halts the onset of senescence-driven osteonecrosis at an early stage and preserves the functional stability of the bone marrow microenvironment.

Article Snippet: Furthermore, to explore the molecular mechanisms by which SCS regulates MSCs lineage bias, bone marrow supernatant was collected on day 7 following co-treatment with SCS and MPS, and ELISA assays for IGF-1 (R&D Systems, MG100) and BMP-2 (R&D Systems, DBP200) were performed as described above.

Techniques: Amplification, Functional Assay

Journal: Bioactive Materials

Article Title: Sulfated polysaccharide prevents senescent adipocyte-driven osteonecrosis by stem cell fate reprogramming

doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.11.039

Figure Lengend Snippet: SCS modulates mesenchymal stem cell lineage bias via activation of the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. ( A ) Quantitative analysis of osteocyte morphology in the trabecular bone matrix of the bone marrow at week 6 after MPS treatment with or without SCS, in the presence of various neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and antagonistic proteins. ( B ) ELISA analysis of IGF-1 and BMP-2 levels in the femoral bone marrow and peripheral serum at day 7 following SCS treatment under MPS conditions. ( C and D ) Western blot analysis of phospho-PI3K, phospho-Akt, and phospho-mTOR (C), as well as phospho-Smad1/5/8, phospho-ERK, and phospho-p38 (D), in CD45 − Ter119 − CD31 − LepR + MSCs after 15-min stimulation with conditioned medium (CM) derived from bone marrow fluid at day 7 following SCS treatment. ( E – G ) Representative flow cytometry plots (E, F) and quantitative analysis (G) of CD45 − CD31 − Sca-1 + CD24 − adipocyte progenitor cells (APCs), CD45 − CD31 − Sca-1 + CD24 + MSCs (E), and CD45 − CD31 − Sca-1 − PDGFRα + (Pα + ) osteoprogenitor cells (OPCs) (F) from femoral bone marrow at day 14 post-MPS induction with or without combined treatment using SCS and IGF-1 NAb or Noggin. ( H and I ) Representative SA-β-Gal staining images (green) of the femur (H), and corresponding quantification (I), at week 4 following MPS treatment with SCS in combination with IGF-1 NAb or DMH1. Insets show magnified views of bone marrow (BM) and trabecular bone matrix (TBM) regions. (Scale bars, 100 μm and 25 μm) ( J ) qPCR analysis of 12 senescence-associated markers in ex vivo femoral bone tissues at week 4 following MPS treatment with SCS in combination with IGF-1 NAb or DMH1. ( K ) Representative Oil Red O staining images of CD45 − Ter119 − CD31 − LepR + MSCs sorted from femurs at day 7 following MPS treatment with SCS in combination with LY294002 or LDN-193189, after in vitro adipogenic induction. (Scale bars, 50 μm and 25 μm) ( L and M ) γ-H2A.X and telomere-associated DNA damage foci (TAFs) co-localization analysis (L), and corresponding quantification (M), in CD45 − Ter119 − CD31 + arteriolar ECs sorted from femurs at day 28 following MPS treatment with SCS in combination with rapamycin or LDN-193189, using immuno-FISH staining. (Scale bars, 7 μm and 1 μm) ( N and O ) Sequential fluorescent labeling using calcein (N) and quantification of mineral apposition rate (O) in femurs treated with SCS and MPS for 4 weeks, with or without LY294002 and/or GW9662. (Scale bars, 50 μm) ( P ) ELISA analysis of five senescence-associated cytokines in femoral bone marrow at day 28 following MPS treatment with SCS in combination with rapamycin and/or T0070907. ( Q and R ) Representative t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) plots (Q) from flow cytometric analysis of CD45 − CD31 − Sca-1 + CD24 − APCs, CD45 − CD31 − Sca-1 + CD24 + MSCs, CD45 − CD31 − Sca-1 − Pα + OPCs, CD45 − Ter119 − CD31 + arteriolar ECs, and CD45 − Ter119 − Emcn + sinusoidal ECs at day 14 following MPS treatment with SCS in combination with IGF-1 and/or rosiglitazone, and quantitative analysis of APCs (R) ( S ) Heatmap showing the fluorescent intensity distribution of Lamin-B1 expression across five cellular subpopulations as identified in the t-SNE clustering plot. ∗ P < 0.05 vs. IgG (empty lacunae); # P < 0.05 vs. IgG (filled lacunae). ∗ P < 0.05 vs. SCS; # P < 0.05 vs. SCS + IGF-1 NAb. Data are presented as mean ± SD. ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; ns, not significant. Statistical significance was determined using an unpaired two-tailed Student's t -test ( B ), or one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test ( A, G, I, J, O, P and R ).

Article Snippet: Furthermore, to explore the molecular mechanisms by which SCS regulates MSCs lineage bias, bone marrow supernatant was collected on day 7 following co-treatment with SCS and MPS, and ELISA assays for IGF-1 (R&D Systems, MG100) and BMP-2 (R&D Systems, DBP200) were performed as described above.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Western Blot, Derivative Assay, Flow Cytometry, Staining, Ex Vivo, In Vitro, Labeling, Expressing, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Communications Biology

Article Title: Perinatal liver sympathetic innervation governs body size

doi: 10.1038/s42003-026-09880-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Representative Tuj1 and DAPI immunohistochemistry (left panel) and quantification of Tuj1 staining (right panel) of liver sections from P7 Nes-WT and Nes-Cdh1 KO mice ( n = 4 per genotype). Scale bar, 160 µm. B Representative TH and DAPI immunohistochemistry (left panel) and quantification of TH staining (right panel) of liver sections from P7 Nes-WT and Nes-Cdh1 KO ( n = 3 per genotype). Scale bar, 160 µm. C Weights of tibialis anterior muscle (TAM), inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), and brown adipose tissue (BAT) normalized to body weight in P18 Nes-WT and Nes-Cdh1 KO ( n = 3–4 per genotype). D Representative hematoxylin and eosin staining of TAM sections from P18 Nes-WT and Nes-Cdh1 KO. Scale bar, 200 µm. E Forelimb grip strength measurements show decreased neuromuscular function in Nes-Cdh1 KO mice (P18 n = 3–4 per genotype). F Immunoblot of TH protein from heart, lung, liver and kidney of P7 Nes-WT and Nes-Cdh1 KO. Quantifications are shown in Supplementary Fig. . G Plasma IGF-1 levels of P7 and P21 Nes-WT and Nes-Cdh1 KO ( n = 6 per postnatal period and genotype). H Quantitative real-time PCR of indicated mRNAs in P7 liver from Nes-WT and Nes-Cdh1 KO mice. Data were normalized to Gapdh mRNA levels obtained in the same sample, and relative mRNA levels were considered as the fold change of Nes-WT ( Igf1 n = 9, Igfbp3 n = 7, Igfals n = 9 per genotype). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. Shapiro–Wilk normality test and Levene’s equal variances test followed by Welch’s t -test ( A ); unpaired, U-Mann-Whitney’s test ( B , E ); unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t -test ( C ); Welch’s t -test and unpaired U-Mann-Whitney’s test ( G ) or by Welch’s t -test and unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t -test ( H ) versus age-matched Nes-WT.

Article Snippet: Rat/Mouse Growth Hormone ELISA Kit (Millipore #EZRMGH-45K) was used to measure GH plasma levels and Mouse/Rat IGF-I Quantikine ELISA was used to analyze IGF-1 levels (R&D Systems #MG100).

Techniques: Immunohistochemistry, Staining, Western Blot, Clinical Proteomics, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Communications Biology

Article Title: Perinatal liver sympathetic innervation governs body size

doi: 10.1038/s42003-026-09880-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Hypothalamic-pituitary gland-liver (GHRH-GH-IGF-1) endocrine pathway scheme. Created with Biorender.com. B Representative NeuN (neuronal marker) and DAPI (nuclei) immunohistochemistry of hypothalamic sections (particularly in the arcuate nucleus), at early (P7) and late (P21) postnatal period. Scale bar, 20 µm. Quantifications are shown in Supplementary Fig. . C , D Plasma levels of ( C ) GHRH and ( D ) GH ( n = 4 per postnatal period and genotype). E Representative GH and DAPI immunohistochemistry of pituitary gland sections (P21). Quantifications are shown in Supplementary Fig. . Scale bar, 25 µm. F Quantitative real-time PCR of Gh mRNA in P7 pituitary gland. Data were normalized to Gapdh mRNA levels obtained in the same sample, and relative mRNA levels were considered as the fold change of Nes-WT ( n = 5 per genotype). G – K P7 Nes-Cdh1 KO mice were injected i.p. once daily for 7 days with saline (Nes-WT, Nes-Cdh1 KO) or recombinant human IGF-1 (1 mg/Kg) (Nes-Cdh1 KO + IGF-1). G Body gain (one week, P14-P7), H brain/body weight ratio and I liver/body weight ratio of P14 Nes-WT, Nes-Cdh1 KO and Nes-Cdh1 KO treated with human recombinant IGF-1 (Nes-Cdh1 KO + IGF-1) ( n = 7 per genotype and condition). J Representative Tuj1 and DAPI immunohistochemistry (left panel) and quantification of Tuj1 staining (right panel) of liver sections from P14 Nes-WT, Nes-Cdh1 KO, and Nes-Cdh1 KO + IGF-1 mice ( n = 3 per genotype and condition). Scale bar, 160 µm. K Quantitative real-time PCR of indicated mRNAs in P14 liver. Data were normalized to Gapdh mRNA levels obtained in the same sample, and relative mRNA levels were considered as the fold change of Nes-WT ( Igf1, Igfbp3, Igfals n = 5 per genotype and condition). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. Shapiro-Wilk normality test and Levene’s equal variances test followed by Welch’s t -test ( C ); unpaired U-Mann-Whitney’s test and unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t -test ( D ) or by unpaired, two-tailed Student’s t -test ( F ) versus age-matched Nes-WT or two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni correction ( G , J , K ) or Welch’s ANOVA test followed by Games-Howell correction ( H , I ).

Article Snippet: Rat/Mouse Growth Hormone ELISA Kit (Millipore #EZRMGH-45K) was used to measure GH plasma levels and Mouse/Rat IGF-I Quantikine ELISA was used to analyze IGF-1 levels (R&D Systems #MG100).

Techniques: Marker, Immunohistochemistry, Clinical Proteomics, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Injection, Saline, Recombinant, Staining, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Development (Cambridge, England)

Article Title: Kupffer cells control neonatal hepatic metabolism via Igf1 signaling

doi: 10.1242/dev.204962

Figure Lengend Snippet: KC-hepatocyte crosstalk is altered in P0 KO Spi1 livers. (A) Bar plot showing the relative information flow of between WT Spi1 and KO Spi1 of inferred cell–cell communication using CellChat. (B) Comparison of the significant ligand–receptor pairs between WT Spi1 and KO Spi1 , which contribute to the signaling from KCs to the hepatocyte clusters. (C) Heatmap showing the relative importance of KC and hepatocyte clusters as sender, receiver, mediator and influencer, based on the computed four network centrality measures of IGF (top) and visfatin (bottom) signaling. (D) Box plot of variance stabilizing transformation-normalized Igf1 expression in hepatocytes and macrophages in WT Spi1 and KO Spi1 mice at P0. n =5 per genotype from 3 independent litters. Differential expression was tested using DESeq2 on raw counts. The whiskers represent the 5-95% percentile, the box extends from the 25th to 75th percentiles and the horizontal line represents the median. (E) Serum insulin levels measured by ELISA on WT Spi1 and KO Spi1 at P0. n =4-5 per genotype from 4 independent litters. Bar plot presented as mean±s.d. Unpaired Student's t -test. (F) Serum glucagon levels measured by ELISA on WT Spi1 and KO Spi1 at P0. n =6 per genotype from 3 independent litters. Bar plot presented as mean±s.d. Unpaired Student's t -test. (G) Enrichment analysis of downregulated phosphorylation sites showing the decreased and increased phosphorylation in KO Spi1 liver compared to WT Spi1 . n =4-6 per genotype from 5 independent litters.

Article Snippet: To determine the amount of Igf1 present in the perinatal liver and serum the Quantitative ELISA Mouse/Rat Igf1 Kit Liver Glycogen Assay Kit from R&D Systems (MG100) was used.

Techniques: Comparison, Transformation Assay, Expressing, Quantitative Proteomics, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Phospho-proteomics

Journal: Development (Cambridge, England)

Article Title: Kupffer cells control neonatal hepatic metabolism via Igf1 signaling

doi: 10.1242/dev.204962

Figure Lengend Snippet: KC-derived Igf1 regulates glycogen homeostasis in hepatocytes at birth. (A) Percentage of (left) and normalized (right) Igf1 expression in the respective hepatic cell type during embryogenesis. (B) Breeding scheme to produce KO Igf1 mice and littermate controls ( WT Igf1 ). Created in BioRender by Mass, E., 2025. https://BioRender.com/jvsfc8p . This figure was sublicensed under CC-BY 4.0 terms. (C,D) Igf1 levels measured by ELISA on whole liver lysate (C) and serum (D) of WT Igf1 and KO Igf1 at P0. n =7-8 per genotype from 4 independent litters. Bar plots presented as mean±s.d. Unpaired Student's t -test. (E) Glycogen levels measured on whole liver lysates of WT Igf1 and KO Igf1 at P0. n =11-16 per genotype from 7 independent litters. Values were normalized per litter. The whiskers represent the 5-95% percentile, the box extends from the 25th to 75th percentiles and the horizontal line represents the median. Cross indicates the mean. Mann–Whitney test. (F) Representative transmission electron micrograph from WT Igf1 and KO Igf1 livers at P0. n =3-4 per genotype from 2 independent litters. GP, glycogen particle; N, nucleus. Scale bars: 8 µm. (G) Scheme indicating the quantification process of glycogen content in hepatocytes. (H) Hepatocyte glycogen content of KO Igf1 normalized to WT Igf1 littermates; each value represents one hepatocyte (ten hepatocytes were assessed per liver). n =3-4 per genotype from 2 independent litters. Mann–Whitney test. (I) Normalized total metabolite abundance in WT Igf1 and KO Igf1 livers following [U- 13 C 6 ]-glucose tracing at P0. n =5-6 per genotype from 2 independent litters. Unpaired Student's t -test. ns, not significant ( P >0.05). (J) Fractional enrichment of labeled metabolites following [U- 13 C 6 ]-glucose tracing at P0 with and without the addition of exogenous Igf1 protein. Liver samples with and without Igf1 from the same animal are connected with a line. n =5-6 per genotype from 2 independent litters. Wilcoxon test.

Article Snippet: To determine the amount of Igf1 present in the perinatal liver and serum the Quantitative ELISA Mouse/Rat Igf1 Kit Liver Glycogen Assay Kit from R&D Systems (MG100) was used.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, MANN-WHITNEY, Transmission Assay, Labeling